NIELS BOHR

Pig, frog, trenggiling, man, they all have fathers, official or unofficial. So also the theory of atomic structure have no father. He was Niels Henrik David Bohr was born the year 1885 in Copenhagen. In 1911 he achieve physics doctorate from the University of Copenhagen. Not long after he went to Cambridge, UK. There he studied under the care J.J. Thompson, famous scientists who found electrons. Only in a few months after that Bohr moved to Manchester, to study at the Ernest Rutherford some years earlier found Nucleus (the core) atom. Rutherford is asserted that this (with different opinions before) that the atom is generally empty, with a heavy punch in the middle and the electrons at the outside. Not long after Bohr theory soon develop its own new and radical about the structure of atoms.

Bohr paper that is like the history of swing "On the Constitution of atoms and Molecules," Philosophical Magazine published in the year 1933.

Bohr introduced the atomic theory as a kind of miniature planetary orbit the sun, with the electron-electron orbitnya girth around the core, but with a very important difference: when the laws of classical physics says about the rotation in the orbit of all sizes, Bohr proved that the electron-electron in a atom can only rotate in orbitnya in a specific size. Sentence or in other formulations: the electron-electron orbit is on the main level of energy (skin) without a shed or absorb energy. Electrons can move from layer to layer in the outside if the energy absorbed. Conversely, electrons will move from the outside layer to layer in more with the energy emit.

Bohr introduced the theory of radical difference between the idea theory of classical physics. Some scientists of imagination (such as Einstein) immediately make paper Bohr praised as a "masterpiece," a big job; although so many other scientists initially ignore this new theory of truth. Experiment is the most critical is the ability to explain the Bohr theory of hydrogen atom spectrum. Has long been known that hydrogen gas when heated at high levels of heat, light akan issue. However, the light is not cover all colors, but only in light of the particular frequency. Value of the theory of Bohr atom departs from the hypothesis is simple but able to explain the provisions of imposing on the wave length of the exact line of all Spectral (color) which is issued by hydrogen. Furthermore, the Bohr theory of the Spectral estimate of additional, not previously seen at the time, but then ascertained by the tester. In addition, the Bohr theory of atomic structure overlooking the obvious explanation for the atoms have what size as such. Ditilik of all ensure that this incident, immediately accepted the theory of Bohr, and Bohr in the year 1922 can, Nobel prize for physics field.

Year of Physics 1920 the institution was established theoretical Bohr in Copenhagen and a Director. Under pirnpinannya quickly attract young scientists-a brilliant scientist, and soon became the center of scientific investigation of the world.

But while the Bohr theory of atomic structure of the difficulties. Terpokok problem is that the Bohr theory, even with a perfect difficulty explaining the future of atom (eg hydrogen) that have one electron, not with the exact estimate spektra atom-atom from another. Some scientists, terpukau by extraordinary success in the Bohr theory explain the hydrogen atom, with the hope that the way to refine a few Bohr theory, they can also explain the more spektra atomic weight. Bohr was one of his own first realize that the small improvement will not help, because it is the radical renovation is required. But, however he geniusnya mobilize all the intellect, yet he was not able to solve.

Solution eventually found by Werner Heisenberg and others, starting from 1925. It is interesting to note here, that Heisenberg - and generally scientists who develop new theory - to study in Copenhagen, with no more suspicion has taken a big benefit from the discussions with Bohr, and each other. Bohr own rushing towards new ideas and help develop it. He makes important contributions to the theory, and sodomy disuksi-discussion and posts, he helped raise more systematically.

1930-an shows more attention to the problem of the basic structure of the atom. He developed a model of important "drops down" the basic atom. He also put the theory on "a combination of the basic" atom in the reaction to be solved. Moreover, is the Bohr who quickly said that the uranium isotope involved in nuclear division is U235. This statement has important significance in the development of the next atom bomb.

In 1940 German troops occupied Denmark. This place themselves in danger Bohr, in part because he has anti-Nazi attitude is widespread, in part because his mother a Jew. Year 1943 Bohr fled from Denmark so that the occupation, to Sweden. He also helped a large number of Danish Jews escape to avoid death in the gas room Hitler. Bohr fled from Swedish to English and from there cross over to the United States. In this country, takes place during the war, Bohr help make atomic bombs,

After the war, Bohr returned to Denmark and village institutions tend to drift rohnya year 1 `562. In the years after Bohr war effort - albeit unsuccessful - to encourage the international order to supervise the use of atomic energy.

Bohr kawin 1912, around the time he was doing great work in the field of science. He has five children, one named Aage Bohr, won the Nobel prize for physics in the field in 1975. Bohr is the most groove scientists in the world, not merely observe the knowledge of genius, but also personality and character and a sense of depth kemanusiaannya.

Although the original Bohr theory of atomic structure of the past fifty years past, he still is one of the great figures in 20th century. There are several reasons why so. First, some of the things important theory is still considered correct. For example, the idea that the atom can have only on the level of energy that is careful not an integral part of all theories atomic structure of the next. Other things, a description of the Bohr atom has a big meaning to find something for themselves, although modern scholars do not consider it literally true. The most important of all, perhaps, is that Bohr's ideas is the driving force for the "quantum theory." Although some ideas have expired, but the clear-historical theory is a theory already proven point of departure of the modern atomic theory and the development of the next field of quantum mechanics.

RATU ELIZABETH

Throughout the history of England, Queen Elizabeth I is generally considered the king of the most notable. Forty-five-year reign is a period of economic prosperity, literary development, and the emergence of English so the strength of marine bully on the ocean. When the UK no longer have kings that prominent, muncullah of the golden era to the UK.

Elizabeth was born in the year 1533 Greenwich, England. His father, King Henry VIII, a pioneer round of the UK. His mother, Anne Boleyn, second wife of Henry is. Anne cut her head to roll like a nyiur year 1536 and for several months and then remove the announcement that the parliament of the time Elizabeth was aged three years as a "child prostitute." (This is the general attitude of English Catholics who do not consider valid Henry divorce with first wife). Although there are the curse of the parliament, Elizabeth grew up in a household and obtain the kingdom of good education.

Henry VIII closed the age of 1547 years, when Elizabeth aged thirteen years. Eleven years after that there is no English authority which can be considered successful. Edward VI, stepsister Elizabeth ascended the throne between the years 1547 to 1553. Under his reign, one obvious political pro Protestannya. Reign of Queen Mary I of five years after that support the rule of papacy and the Roman Catholic pengokohan back. During his reign the Protestant English-uber be pursued and be crushed, and about three hundred pemeluknya die. (This caused the queen can not sapid nickname: "the bloody Mary." Elizabeth and disekap own arrest in London Tower. Although eventually released, some time in his life is in danger of the threat. When Mary close age (year 1558) that Elizabeth was already two puluh ascend the throne five years. The increase in the brightness of this gives a UK population.

Many of the problems that prevent young queen is young: the war against France; strained relationship with Scotland and Spain; government monetary conditions, and above all it is a dark cloud religious divisions that depend on the head of the UK.

Crisis in the last first. Soon after Elizabeth ascended the throne, the law on "the rule and Persamaan" year 1559 was passed, set the Anglican religion as the official English. This is the party of moderate Protestants, the Puritans, but require a more drastic change. Although opposition to the Puritans on the one hand and the Catholics on the other hand, during the reign stabilizing compromise still survive within the law in 1559 years.

The situation becomes complicated with the religious situation in relation to the Queen Mary of Scotland. Mary was forced to leave Scotland and fled to England. Sesampai in the UK he was a captive of Queen Elizabeth. Elizabeth is not a step on the basis of violence and free at: Mary and the Roman Catholics also have a claim worthy of the throne replace Elizabeth. This means that, if there is rebellion or murder of a successful, England will have more religious Catholic queen. Mary detention during the nine years that it is true there are some times the plot and Elizabeth have enough evidence of the involvement of Mary. Finally, in the year 1587 Mary die. Elizabeth signed vonis punishment with a bit reluctantly. The menterinya and members of parliament generally want that Mary killed the sooner the better.

Religious antagonism downright dangerous to Elizabeth. In 1570 Pope Pius V memerintahkannya down and expel the throne, and in 1580 Pope Gregory XIII issued a proclamation that it is not a sin to kill Elizabeth. However, the situation is also beneficial Elizabeth. Throughout the period of his reign, the Protestant tercekam fear insurrection against the Catholic Religion back in the UK. Elizabeth expose himself like a shield that revival. And this is the main source of kepopulerannya among the mass of the Protestant English is.

Elizabeth handle foreign policy with the careful, elegant, and blow away. In the early-early 1560 he merampungkan "Edinburgh Agreement" that ensures the settlement of peace with Scotland. The war ended with the French and the relationship the two countries improved. But, gradually, gradually the British forces involved with the Spanish antagonism. Elizabeth tries to avoid war, but a militant Catholic Spain-16 th century, the war between the Protestant English Spain terelakkan difficult. Rebellion in Holland against the Spanish authorities is a factor parlormaid: rebel general, the Protestant Netherlands and Spain when menggenjot rebels, helped Elizabeth Holland, although the actual time Elizabeth did not have passion, fight. English people in general as well as the ministers and parliament more ardent than the lift arms Elizabeth. Therefore, when the war with Spain finally erupt in the years 1580an, Elizabeth gained strong support for British people.

Elizabeth for many years to build a zealous English Navy, but, King Philip II of Spain is also rushing to build a fleet big - Spanish Armada - melabrak to the UK. Spain have a fleet of ships is almost balanced with many of the UK, but less kelasinya; more than that, more English seamen trained well and the quality of ships and weaponry meriamnya better. Contention was broken in 1588 years, and a violent sea battle that ended with the defeat of Spain absolute. As a result of this victory, the United Kingdom to be steady as the strength of the Navy thumbs in the world, a position that remains dipegangnya until this century to 20.

Elizabeth always careful in the matter of finance. At the beginning of the beginning of the government-the kingdom of the UK's financial condition is really healthy. But, of course, quarrel with Spain and ask for the cost of expensive government at the end of the financial situation is very poor. However, despite poor kingdom, the country as a whole rather berkondisi more prosperous at the time of Elizabeth knit crown in ubun-ubunnya.

Elizabeth during the forty-five years (from year 1558 to 1603) are often considered "golden Age Britain." Some of the famed English writers, including William Shakespeare, lived in that era. Elizabeth clearly have shares in the development of this culture. He gave the spirit of Shakespeare theater opposition of London local government. However, there is no development of music or painting that could rival the development of literary.

Elizabeth era also witnessed bangkitnya English as explorers. Have repeatedly traveled to Russia and the experiment-an experiment by Martin Frobisher and John Davis find a way northwest to the Far East. Sir Francis Drake sailed around the world (from the years 1577 to 1580), set foot in California in the journey. There are also experiments that failed (by Sir Walter Raleigh and others) to establish settlements in North America.

Lack of Elizabeth may be the biggest reluctantly provides the opportunity for change tahtanya. Not only was he never marries, but he always set the successor. (Perhaps because he was afraid, if he so successor point someone will soon be rivalnya). No matter what the reason Elizabeth did not want his successor, if only he died young (or at any time before the death of Mary's Scottish), UK may have kecemplung stage in the civil war after the replacement. Fortune for the UK, Elizabeth lived until the age of seventy years. Above the bed rohnya sail, he called King James II of Scotland (son of Mary of Scotland) a successor. Although this means that the union between England and Scotland under one crown, this is a confusing choice. Both James and Charles I puteranya unduly authoritarian appetite for English, and in the middle of the century war also meledaklah.

Elizabeth has the intellect beyond the ordinary and that a skilled politician, firm, have the broad view. Concurrently with that he has carefully and conservative. He ketidaksukaan have a war and bloodshed if necessary, although he can bersiteguh. Like his father, he was running with the cooperation of government and parliament not melawannya. Because he does not marry, it seems like he is still virgin dikemukakannya in public. However, it is not too well right if he is considered including the type of man women hater. Even otherwise, he clearly loves the man and go interact with them. Elizabeth has the ability choose the ministers menterinya-capable. Some of the results dicapainya, among other blessings Williarn Cecil (Lord Burghley), which is the main adviser in 1558 until her death in 1598.

Key success Elizabeth can be summarized as follows: First, he led the English stage during the second era of bloodless means. (Unlike Germany where the thirty-year war (1618-1648) killed more than twenty-five percent of the population, quite striking). Besides him, mitigate religious hatred between Catholic and Protestant English English, he also succeeded in maintaining the unity of the nation. Second, the forty-five-year reign - Elizabeth Era - generally considered a golden era of the nation in the world. Third, is also in the UK government appears as the main force, a position that many can dipertahankannya next.

Elizabeth's position in the list in the order of this book have a clear exit biasaan. At any rate, this book is a list of the great innovators, the people who put new ideas or bring something changes the situation. Elizabeth is not a reformer, not a innovators, and the political policy generally cautious and conservative. Despite that, a lot of progress going on in the government compared with the general penguasaa conscious desire progress.

Elizabeth did not try to deal directly with issues that are crucial parliamentary affairs authority and dominion. However, the only way to be a stand off satrap, he may be the main life supporter of democracy in the UK than he announced a democratic constitution. Elizabeth does not find the field intensity and the military is not interested in building a large empirium. (Indeed, under Elizabeth, the UK did not have signs of a empirium). Despite that, he bequeath most British Navy in the world and lay the foundations of the English empirium follow later.

Eminency empirium the sea is English Elizabeth after her death, at least in part terbesamya. Many people who play an important role empirium establishment of the UK in some cases can be considered reasonable as a result of European expansion in general and the geographical position of the UK. Should also note that many other European countries that border Atlantic Ocean (French, Spanish and even Portuguese) also build empirium large.

Moreover, the role of Elizabeth English and maintain the threat of Spain easily be exaggerated. If examined, it did not appear to Spain once a serious threat to the independence of the United Kingdom. Must be remembered, contention between the British fleet opponent is Spain's fleet does not take place too close distance. (Not one British ship lost!). And more than that, even if successful Spanish troops land in the UK, sukarlah they can be menaklukkannya. Spanish armed forces did not achieve victory in that strike anywhere in Europe. If Spain is not able to quell the rebellion in the Netherlands, there is no discount is clear he can conquer the UK. Towards the 16-th century, English nationalism is far more robust against Spain can menaklukkannya.

So where Elizabeth should be placed in the list of this book? He basically local leaders. If compared with Peter the Great of Russia did not seem equal. Ditilik from the point of fact clearly Peter is far more innovative rather than Elizabeth. I will get trouble convincing the Russian people have a clear mind that Elizabeth is placed higher in the order of Peter. Instead, it measured the importance of the role played in the UK and the UK in the last century-a century after Elizabeth is an error placing unduly far behind Peter. In many ways, it seems clear that only a few kings in history have the success of Elizabeth.

JOHN DALTON

Dalton was born year 1766 in the village of Eaglesfield in the UK North. School formal end when the new age is seven years, and he was almost entirely in their own learning of science. He was a young man to understand something that always comes first from the average normal person, and when I reached twelve years he has been a teacher. And he became a teacher or private instructor almost throughout his life. When age increased fifteen years he moved to the city, Kendal, age twenty-six to Manchester and lived there until the last breath out of tenggorokannya year 1844. May need to know, he never marries.

Dalton became interested in meteorology in 1787 when the age twenty-one years. Six years later he publish books about it. Penyelidikannya on the air and the atmosphere to generate interest in general the quality of gas. By doing serentetan experiment, he found two laws that control the behavior of gas. First, who are 1801 years old Dalton, stressed that the volume of gas that is filled with proporsiona1 temperature. (This is generally known as "Charles Law" after the French scientists find that a few years before Dalton, but failed to publish the results penyelidikannya). Second, are also year 1801, known as the nickname "Dalton law" part of pressure per section.

By the year 1804, Dalton has formulated a theory he has set up a list of atom and atomic weight. However, the main book A New System of Chemical Philosophy terbit new year 1808. This book makes it stellar, and in following years, interest in the award ditabur the top of his head.

Chance, Dalton suffered a similar color-blind disease. This fact raised the desire tahunya. He learned it, and publish a scientific paper on color blindness, a topic which is written the first time!

VASCO DA GAMA

He it is, Vasco da Gama, Portuguese investigators who found a direct sea route way from Europe to India with a sail beset Africa.

Portuguese people are looking for long lines this time since Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460). Year 1488 a Portuguese expedition under the command of Bartolomeus Dias was up and around Tanjung Harapan in the southern tip of Africa and back to the Portuguese. With this success, King Portuguese mahfum that business long distance off to explore India is now almost close to reality. However, there are numerous delays, and the year 1497 a new expedition to India is completely implemented. To lead the expedition that the king appointed Vasco da Gama, a nobleman from the junior class, who was born around 1460 in the city of Sines, Portugal.

Da Gama pieces weigh July 8, 1497, consisted of four ships under komandonya tar all with the number of 170 people, including an Arabic language. The first expedition sailed to the islands of Cape Verde. Then, browse through the coast of Africa, he as done by Dias, da Gama sailed to the south, far outside the Atlantic Ocean. He continues to sail far to the south, and then turn east to reach Tanjung Harapan. This is the right choice, rather than the beach to the south, though the act requires more courage and shrewdness navigation. Due to the chosen route, ships Gama is not visible from the mainland for not less than ninety-three days - over two and a half times longer than the ship experienced Colombus!

Da Gama Tanjung Harapan orbit on 22 November, then sailed north along the east coast of Africa. In sailing to the north that he cast anchor in the various cities of predominantly Muslim people, including Mambasa and Malindi which is now called Kenya. Malindi take him in a pilot of the nation India which menuntunnya for 23 days across the Arabian Sea to India. On 20 May 1498, about 10 minutes after the departure of the Portuguese until da Gama in Calicut, the city's most important trade center in the southern part of India. Hindu ruler of Calicut, Zamorin, initially welcomed the arrival da Gama. But, then feel disappointed because Zamorin the prize tribute da Gama who are too cheap a price. Related to the severity merchant-traders of the Muslim way of trade routes in the Indian Ocean, this becomes a hindrance da Gama forward trade transactions with the Zamorin. Despite that, when da Gama leave August Calicut, da Gama given load various spices in order to be submitted to the Portuguese government, as well as a number of Indian people.

Return trip seems rather more difficult to go away. Meal period of about 3 hours across the Arabian Sea and a lot of crew who died as a result of the blood disease mostly eat meat, but lack of fruit and plants. Finally, only two ships survived until the house: the first ship anchored in the Portuguese on 10 July 1499 and da Gama own boat new to 2 weeks later. Only 55 children fruit can survive, it means that when less than a third departure vagabondage start. However, when da Gama returned to Lisbon on 9 September 1499, both he and the King understand that travel over two years is a big success.

Six months later, King Portuguese send troops advanced under the command of Pedro Alvares Cabral. Cabral arrived in good time in India, find the travel routes to Brazil (despite the historikus is believed that the Portuguese have to find another first), and brought back to the Portuguese spice stack. However, some children fruit Cabral killed Calicut in the year 1502 so that da Gama sent back there to make the punishment of reckoning, a fleet consisting of 20 ships.

Behavior in the da Gama expedition is truly vicious. Outside the coastal waters of India he was to seize a ship is in Arabic, and after moving through the capacious but not passengers, he burned the ships in the sea. All passengers are on board, including women and children, destroyed. When he was up to da Gama in Calicut with cocky Zamorin mengahalau requested that all Muslims from the port. When Zamorin doubt, da Gama and catch her, and set aside 37 sea-sea port of India then dibomnya it. Not angry but powerless people Zamorin grant request da Gama. In return trip up some of da Gama Portuguese colony in East Africa.

For the works he acquired this great gift from the King of Portugal, earl be, given the plantation, and retirement security are given various gifts of money. Da Gama did not return to India until 1524 when the new King of Portuguese King so young lifting India. Several months after arriving in India he fell ill and died there in December 1524. He finally dimakamkan back in Lisbon. Da Gama married and have seven children.

Primary importance trip Vasco da Gama is because he is a direct sea route between Europe and India and the Far East, the good succession can dikecap by many countries.

In the short term, the biggest benefit known only fall on the Portuguese. Through new channels of trade to East, the country was on the fringe of this protracted European berbudaya so suddenly torn richest country in Europe. Portuguese quickly established colonies around the colony Ocean Indonesia. They have strongholds and post-post soldiers in India, Indonesia, Madagascar, on the east coast of Africa and in many places anymore. To be sure this is a mere addition of the area they already kuasai such as Brazil and the regions other colony in western Africa that has been building even before they travel Vasco Da Gama. Portuguese people successfully maintain areas colony until mid-20th century.

Opening of new trade routes to India by Vasco da Gama brought tremendous setback due to a merchant-trader who was the Muslim trade routes in the Indonesian Ocean. Muslim traders-traders soon completely defeated and replaced by the Portuguese place. Furthermore, the trade through land route between India to Europe to be not useful because the path through the sea of Africa by the Portuguese dirintis much cheaper. This is a bitter jolt for both the Turkish and Ottoman cities Italy trade (such as Venice), which was the trade to the East. However, for other this means that European goods from the Far East worth more than the cheap.

Finally, the influence of the Vasco da Gama is not against Europe or the Middle East, but more of India and Southeast Asia. Before the year 1498 India isolated from Europe. Indeed, throughout the history of India is a country stand on its own, unless there are outside influences that come from the northwest. Vasco da Gama Travel jemmy keterasingan this relationship and serve immediately with the European culture via the sea. European power and influence grew steadily more and more strong in India, until the mid 19th century that the entire subcontinent fell under the power to crown the kingdom of England. (Please note, this is the only time in history that dipersatukan India under one ruler). While for India, initially acquired a European influence, and all fall under the authority of Europe. Only after the mid-20th century these areas to obtain autonomy.

Leaders who can clearly disejajarkan with Vasco da Gama is Christopher Colombus. In some cases, this comparison gives advantages to the Vasco da Gama. Journey, for example, brings far more impressive results. And far longer than either Colombus travel distance measured from and ever. More than three-fold! And require more navigation caginess. (Colombus, no matter how much he lost direction, at most he did not find the New World, while Vasco da Gama lost akan Tanjung Harapan and disappeared somewhere to everywhere in Indonesia Ocean). More than that, not like Colombus, Vasco da Gama successfully to the destination direncanakannya.

Certainly can be, Vasco da Gama did not find the New World, but just make the relationships between people with the European countries that were already inhabited. If the case, what is the difference with the Colombus.

Travel Colombus akhimya have a tremendous influence on the culture that has not been developed in the New World; travel da Gama finally produce cultural change in India and Indonesia. In assessing the importance of Colombus and Vasco da Gama, one thing should be remembered, in spite of South America and North America rather than much larger India, but India has more people of all residents of New World merged so one!

However, clearly more influential Colombus rather broad Vasco da Gama. First, the circumnavigation Africa to India is not the desire comes from Vasco da Gama himself. Portugislah the king decided to send expeditions far before he was selected for the Vasco da Gama memimpinnya. While the expedition emerged from Colombus encouragement Colombus own, and owing to the approach and how to seize the Queen Isabella so careful menunjangnya prepared with the financial. If it was not because of Colombus, New World (although sooner or later people will be found as well) new akan diinjak people know how many years later, and perhaps by other European citizens. In addition, the Vasco da Gama if not diberanakkan by bundanya to this world, the king of Portuguese people living choose to lead the expedition. Even if Vasco da Gama is not capable and failed, the Portuguese will not stop search path direct intention to appear if India is not likely by far. And, if the Portuguese did not establish any base-station along the west coast of Africa, little possibility of the nations capable of other European first set foot in India.

Second, the influence of Europe on the Far East and India are not comparable with the influence of Europe on the New World. Indian culture has changed quickly after contact with the West. However, in several decades after the voyage Colombus, New World culture may be spelled out even splinters. Also there is no equality between India with the United States in the New World.

Like people can not compliment (or curse) to Christopher Colombus on all the events that occurred in the New World, as well as people can not appreciate the Vasco da Gama with all the results from the contact between Europe and the East. Vasco da Gama only make one of the chain only because more people can be recorded as a pioneer: Henry the Navigator, a number of Portuguese seamen who explore the west coast of Africa; Bartolomeus Dias, Vasco da Gama own; after the replacement (such as Francisco de Almeida and Alfonso d'Albuquerque), and many more. I think, Vasco da Gama only a very important chain. However, he is not so that people have an important role as Christopher Colombus made Eropanisasi in the New World. On the basis of important principles that Vasco da Gama is included in the list of this book is below Colombus.

JOHN F. KENNEDY

John Fitzgerald Kennedy was born in the year 1917 Brookline, Massachusetts. He was President of the United States so began 20 January 1961 until 22 November 1963 when he was killed in Dallas, Texas. I will eliminate most of the data biografisnya, because the problem is already known and because the general political and personal activities with little relevance Kennedy he was in the presence of this book.

Thousand years to come, the "Peace Corps" or "Alliance for Progress" and the "Bay of Pigs" people will not mind. Similarly Kennedy political action in the field of tax legislation and civil rights. John F. Kennedy noted in the book list is only for one reason only: he who is responsible for the "Space Program, Apollo." If people do not bring up small objects in between the time you're busy, we can ensure that even the year 5000 will come to our travel days is still considered an extraordinary event, a milestone in the history of humanity.

I mean perbincangkan akan important program to more days. First, allow me to solve this problem with a question, whether the correct John F. Kennedy, at most, people who travel to the role in this month. Whether or not Neil Armstrong Edwin Aldrin, the first person that actually set foot on the moon? If we put the name in the list on the basis of this book kemasyhurannya in the long term, may be so, because I supposedly looks like Neil Armstrong akan dikenang the year 5000 compared to the akan datang John F. Kennedy. But from the point of impact, Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin Samasekali not important. If because of this or that because the two people that died two months before the launch of Apollo 11, akan dozen astronauts who have trained well and berkemampuan high slide that is ready to replace it monthly.

Or should we give the award to Wernher von Braun or scientists or engineers who have given donations and thoughts of a power that allows the exploration of outer space is? No doubt more Wernher von Braun have a larger share in the mystery of the promotion process space (as is also done preceding such Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, Robert H. Goddard and Hermann Oberth). However, once a political decision has been taken for implementation of the Apollo project, a scientist was not - did not they also group which consists of experts topnotch - able to break through this complex problem. Pendobrakan trip to the complexity of the month is not a purely scientific progress, but a political decision. Politiklah the lights turn yellow, and provide 24 billion dollars for this project.

On 20 July 1969 Apollo 11 astronauts left foot impressions on the surface months, Kennedy's promise to meet in May 1961 akan land vehicle space bermanusia in the days "before the end of this decade"

Well, how is a matter of political decision-making? Whether fast or slow decision also came despite akan without John F. Kennedy? I guess hard - although this is not so sure - at a time the government will take a decision to fund human travel days. Of course, John F. Kennedy does not impose this program when people object to.

On the other hand, there is no pressure and the pressure of the people with the implementation of the projects that berbiaya not the size of the beam remarkably. When in the year 1959 or in 1960, Congress passed the United States Apollo program and provide funds for it, and when the law was diveto by President Eisenhower, Kennedy bisalah spelled that brought by a flow of public opinion. However, the fact that of the show: many people want the United States space program, but there is no kick-up in the community against the objections of a large-scale program. Even after the successful Apollo 11, there is no public pergunjingan which means the problem of whether the program is indeed beneficial to the carriage of it. Since year 1969, of course, declining NASA budget once downpours.

Therefore, once clear, is because the leadership of John F. Kennedy that the Apollo program that can run. Kennedylah that on 1 May 1961 pledged that the United States akan land vehicle space had people in "before the end of this decade." Kennedy is that the funds obtained from Congress, and under the Kennedy-lah program was designed. People can only believe that the program will be a month to fast or slow (something that actually debatable), but the Kennedy has been clear that to do so.

Some people, of course, still feel that the Apollo project is only a quasi-quasi-an only and have no importance. During this the symptom does not appear on 20 July 1969 as a historic day, for example, the national day. Conversely, we also know, although not Colombus day diperingati in 16-century, he now diperingati this morning as a sign of rising new era.

In fact, if the project Apollo never to be, yet still dikenang akan continue as a result of the paper in perpacuan people reach the highest achievement. But, I think, will be forwarded Apollo program and a trip to space will be larger role in the future than previously. If the case, our children and grandchildren will feel that the Apollo 11 journey, as well as Colombus travel across the Atlantic Ocean, is a point of departure of the whole new era in human history.

JULIUS CAESAR

When the political atmosphere is not warm, medium-and insufficient sharpness, was born in a Roman military and the famous Roman politician, Gaius Julius Caesar, 100 years BC.

In the second century before Christ, after his victory in the war subjected the Cartago Punik second, the Roman people have successfully established a vast empire. Conquest make this abundant wealth they have. However, the war cast a socio-economic circumstances porak poranda and many farmers terusir of rice field. Roman Senate, which originally such a small city council, evidently can not afford to manage land that is so broad efficiently. Political corruption reign and the whole Mediterranean region is suffering due ketidakbecusan the Roman government. In Rome itself, beginning in the year 133 BC, kekacaubalauan has happened in a long time. Politicians, the general and wrestle each other demagog seat of power and seize rebel forces (such as that led by year 87 BC Marius and Sulla, led 82 years old SM) move directly to the heart of Rome. Although the government has lousiness clearly for each person, the Roman general, people still want to maintain the republic system of government. Julius Caesar may be the first important political leaders with a clear view that the democratic government in Rome is no good, and indeed the long-take no avail.

Caesar own nature-derived noble old families. He got good education and as a young child he was to plunge the world politics. Various positions that have been dipegangnya, growth is impressive political career, alliance relationships that dibuatnya, the detail will not be described here. But, 58 years BC when the age of forty two tread Julius Caesar was appointed governor who supervise the three provinces under the Romans: Cisalpine Gauls (northern Italy); Illyricum (the coastal region is now Yugoslavia); Narbanese and the Gauls (French coast now). Under komandannya at that time there are four forces of 20,000 Roman soldiers.

During the years between 58-51 BC, Caesar was using troops invade and conquer the rest of the Gauls, the area roughly consisting of France and Belgium now, the following parts of Switzerland, Germany, and Holland. Although the number of pasukannya teramatlah little, she managed to beat people Gallik and expand the authority of the Roman to the River Rhine. He is also sending two expeditions to England, but not successfully conquered permanently.

Conquest Gauls make Caesar - who was already a political leader - a hero when to return to Rome. And in the eyes political opponents even outrageously popular and outrageously strong. When the control command militernya ended, he was ordered by the Roman Senate to return to Rome and becomes a normal population. Which means that no troops have Samasekali. Caesar worry, fear, and this baseless, because if he returned to Rome without troops, political opponents will use the opportunity menghancurkannya. Therefore, in the night 10-11 on January 49 BC, in open opposition to the Senate, Caesar led the pasukannya cross the Rubicon River in the north of Italy and to Rome. This is a step in violation of rules and no other than a beginner troops war between Caesar on the one hand against the forces loyal to the Senate, on the other hand. Activists berkecamuk not less than four years which eventually won by Caesar. Determine the ultimate battle going on in munda, Spain, on 7 March 45 BC.

Caesar conclusion that the despotism of the Roman efficient required only that he can do. He returned to Rome in October year 45 BC, and soon to be dictator for life. In February of 44 BC he ditawari crown but raw ditolaknya. Although he had already been a military dictator, is not steady enough to persuade the opponents to follow a course republic. Date 15 March 44 BC, Caesar killed in the Senate hearing by the hand of a gang.

In the period-end hayatnya, Caesar various program design improvements. He planned the placement of veterans and the poor population in a Roman society in the new empire. He also expanded the Roman citizenship to give the opportunity to enter various groups. He put the basic plan for the uniform administration of all the cities across the country. And do not forget to plan development, as well as Roman legal codification. That is not successful the system is prepared to satisfy the Constitution that the Roman government. And this is probably the main reason to be kejatuhannya.

Because the difference between the one-year victory in the Caesar with the munda terbunuhnya him at the Senate hearing in Rome, many plan-plan was not implemented. Therefore, perfection is difficult to how the government will be able to enjoy if Caesar can continue to live. Of all the improvements, which have caused most sustainable is the introduction of a new calendar. The introduction of a new calendar, with little improvement, still in use since then.

Julius Caesar is one of the leaders who have political power in the history of charisma, embedded itself in the form of various talents. He was a successful politician, a brilliant general who, an orator who enchain, and an author of good. Written a book (De bello Gallico) depict particulars defeat Gauls, long regarded as the classic works of literature. According to many students, the book most readable and most interesting of all literary classic. Caesar berpembawaan brave, full of energy, and sharp. Not one note, Caesar was also a famous seducer whizbang, a Don Yuan, even according to the size of time he was including topnotch. (Adventure love the most famous of course - the appalling romannya with Cleopatra).

Caesar character so often targeted critics. Ambisinya of power too large, and he is exactly the use perkaya for self occupation. But, generally not as an ambitious politician, he is not underhand and plintat-plintut, nor prudish. Caesar a truculent when fighting Gauls. On the other hand, he is very friendly to people who already penentangnya Roman dipatahkannya.

This is an indication of the name attached to the well itself. Therefore, both the title of king of German "Kaiser" and the king of Russia "Czar", derived from the name Caesar. He's always more glorious grandchildren kemenakannya August Caesar, the real leaders of the Roman empire. But, indeed the influence of the history of Julius Caesar is not equivalent to the fame name. Indeed correct, he hold an important role in the fall of the Roman Republic. But this importance should not be exaggerated, because the republic has stagger itself.

Caesar is the most important works on the Gauls penaklukannya. Ditaklukkannya areas remain under the authority of the Roman for almost five centuries. In that time period, all diromawikan. " Law, custom-istiadatnya, language, and Roman Christianity. French is now in the basic-rate derived from the Latin origin that time.

Conquest Caesar on the Gauls against the Roman influence important itself, because it provides a protective Italy during the centuries of attacks from the north. Indeed, defeat Gauls are factors for the overall security of the Roman empire.

Are Roman - sooner or later - able to conquer Julius Caesar without the Gauls? They do not have the technology or the excess amount of the excess of the tribes Gauls. But on the other hand, have extended the Roman area in the period before Caesar conquered the Gauls, as well as after. Assess the effectiveness of the terms of the Roman military at that time and that there are cracks in the body of Gallic tribes, it seems likely that small Gauls can survive as an independent nation. However, no more doubt Caesar was a general who has indeed conquered the forces of the Celts and Gauls conquered. And he tercantumnya in this list of books is mainly because of what is already done.

ASOKA

Raja important in the history of India may once Asoka, the third Maurya dynasty and the grandson of the founder of the dynasty, Chandragupta Maurya. Chandragupta a military leadership that India - in the nick at the same time with the battle been Alexander the Great - conquered almost the entire North India, and by itself bisalah regarded as a founder of the first great empire in India.

Persisnya years at the birth of Asoka is not known. May be approaching the year 300 BC, and he ascended the throne around 273 BC. In the beginning he was just following the trail of the great-grandfather and try to extend the power through military action. At the 8-year reign he clinch a successful war against Kalinga, the state on the east coast of India (approximately the current location of Orissa). But, once he realized how dahsyatnya price that must be redeemed for this victory, Asoka inner feeling beaten. One hundred thousand people killed, and thousands of people injured beratus. Depressed and feel guilty, Asoka berkeputusan stop the movement of military conquered India, and along with that dissociate themselves from the aggressive act, he became Buddhists and receive filosofinya, try to practice the values of "dharma" which contains the telling the truth, benevolence and ketidakagresifan.

Create your own personal Asoka stopped hunting and became "vegeterian" (do not eat meat except vegetables). -In terms of still another important aspect of many attitudes that humanity dianutnya. He founded hospitals and places of liturgy, issued the rules for ease of population, to build roads and water to promote. Even Asoka specifically refer to government officials called the "official dharma," duty, told the people that worship to God, that life be kind to develop the spirit of good fellow-men. All religions get the same place in the kingdom. Asoka tolerance is evident, even though the Buddha Religion earn special attention to the profitable growth of religion. Buddha's messengers sent abroad, their mission and achieve great results, especially in Sri Lanka.

Asoka ordered the record of life and step kebijaksanannya written on poles or rocks scattered across the country. Many monuments, monuments that can still hold up to now.

The placement of the monument, the monument is geographically possible we can get reliable information about the broad powers of Asoka, and posts listed above are the main source of knowledge about our career. Chance, poles are also seen as the work of high artistic level.

In time fifty years after Asoka died, the Kingdom of Mauryan disordered and can never rise again. Meanwhile, through its support to the Buddhist Religion, the influence of long-term Assoka against the world itself to be very knowledgeable. When he ascended the throne, Religion Buddhist adherents is still tiny, only a local, known only in the northwest India. But, when his death, adherents have included all of India and they have quickly spread to neighboring countries. More than anyone else too - except their own Gautama - Asoka is a man who is responsible for the development of Buddhist Religion into the world of religion.